Instrument Rating Study Guide: Missed Approach Procedures

A missed approach is a critical phase of instrument flight that requires precise aircraft control, situational awareness, and compliance with published procedures or Air Traffic Control (ATC) instructions. Whether initiated because of insufficient visual references, an unstable approach, or an ATC instruction, a missed approach provides a structured method for transitioning from an instrument approach back to a safe altitude and flight path.

For instrument-rated pilots, understanding when and how to execute a missed approach is essential for maintaining safety in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). The ability to recognize when an approach cannot be safely completed and promptly transition to the appropriate missed approach procedure is an important skill evaluated during instrument training and practical tests.

In this installment of Angel Aviation’s Instrument Rating Study Guide series, we will examine missed approach procedures, regulatory requirements, aircraft control considerations, ATC communications, and common errors pilots should avoid.

What Is a Missed Approach?

A missed approach is a procedure conducted when an instrument approach cannot be continued to a safe landing. It provides a predetermined flight path designed to guide the aircraft away from obstacles and toward a safe altitude, often terminating at a holding fix or another point where further ATC instructions can be received.

Missed approach procedures are published on instrument approach charts and are developed using obstacle clearance criteria. Pilots must understand that these procedures provide obstacle protection only when the applicable conditions are met, including the proper initiation point, required climb gradient, and adherence to the published route.

A missed approach may be initiated for several reasons, including:

• The required visual references are not visible at the Decision Altitude (DA) or Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA).

• The aircraft is not in a position to make a normal descent to landing.

• The approach becomes unstable or cannot be safely continued.

• ATC instructs the pilot to execute a missed approach.

• Runway conditions, traffic, or another operational concern prevent a safe landing.

A missed approach should never be viewed as an unsuccessful approach. It is a normal and essential instrument procedure that allows pilots to prioritize safety when conditions do not permit a landing.

Regulatory Requirements for Missed Approaches

Under 14 CFR § 91.175, pilots operating under IFR must meet specific requirements before descending below the applicable DA or MDA.

To continue below these minimums, the following conditions must be satisfied:

1. The aircraft must be continuously in a position from which a descent to landing on the intended runway can be made using normal maneuvers and a normal rate of descent.

2. The flight visibility must be at least the visibility prescribed for the instrument approach being used.

3. At least one of the required visual references specified in § 91.175(c)(3) must be distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot.

If these conditions are not satisfied, the pilot must execute a missed approach in accordance with the applicable requirements.

For approaches with a DA, the missed approach decision is made upon reaching the published decision altitude if the requirements to continue are not met.

For approaches with an MDA, pilots must not descend below the published minimum altitude unless the regulatory requirements are satisfied. If the necessary visual references are not acquired, the pilot must initiate the missed approach no later than the published Missed Approach Point (MAP).

Important: Pilots should not delay a missed approach in an attempt to acquire visual references after reaching the applicable decision point.

Understanding Published Missed Approach Procedures

Every standard instrument approach procedure includes missed approach instructions that describe the route and altitude requirements to be followed if the approach cannot be completed.

These instructions are typically displayed in both textual and graphical formats on the approach chart.

A published missed approach may include:

• An initial climb to a specified altitude.

• A required heading or course to follow.

• One or more turns at specified locations or altitudes.

• Navigation to a designated fix.

• Entry into a published holding pattern.

• A required climb gradient greater than the standard 200 feet per nautical mile.

For example, a hypothetical missed approach instruction might state:

Climb to 3,000 feet, then climbing right turn to 5,000 feet direct ABC VOR and hold.

In this example, the pilot must comply with the published sequence, including the altitude requirement before beginning the turn.

Changing the sequence or turning prematurely may compromise obstacle clearance.

Obstacle Clearance and Climb Gradients

Published missed approach procedures are designed using specific obstacle clearance criteria. Unless otherwise specified, the standard missed approach design climb gradient is 200 feet per nautical mile.

However, certain approaches require higher climb gradients due to terrain or obstacles.

Pilots should review these requirements before beginning an approach and determine whether their aircraft can achieve the necessary climb performance under the expected conditions.

The required vertical speed can be calculated using:

Vertical Speed (FPM) = Groundspeed (Knots) × Climb Gradient (Feet/NM) ÷ 60

For example, at a groundspeed of 90 knots and a required climb gradient of 200 feet per nautical mile:

90 × 200 ÷ 60 = 300 feet per minute

This calculation illustrates the minimum vertical speed needed to meet that climb gradient at the specified groundspeed. Pilots should account for aircraft performance, environmental conditions, and an appropriate safety margin.

Executing a Missed Approach

A successful missed approach requires an organized transition from descent to climb while maintaining aircraft control and following the appropriate procedure.

Although specific actions vary depending on aircraft type and equipment, the following general sequence applies.

1. Establish a Positive Climb

Once the decision to execute a missed approach has been made, promptly apply the appropriate power and establish the recommended pitch attitude for the climb.

Pilots should:

• Apply power according to the aircraft’s procedures.

• Establish the appropriate climb attitude and airspeed.

• Maintain directional control.

• Confirm a positive rate of climb.

• Configure the aircraft for climb in accordance with the Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) or approved aircraft procedures.

In aircraft equipped with retractable landing gear or flaps, configuration changes must be completed in the correct sequence to maintain aircraft performance and control.

The primary priority is to aviate first. Navigation and communication tasks must not interfere with maintaining a safe flight path.

2. Follow the Published Missed Approach Procedure

After establishing a safe climb, the pilot must navigate according to the published missed approach instructions or an applicable ATC clearance.

This may involve maintaining a heading, intercepting a course, navigating directly to a fix, or entering a holding pattern.

Pilots should be particularly attentive to altitude restrictions and required turn locations.

It is important to recognize that an early missed approach may require special consideration. If a pilot initiates a missed approach before reaching the published MAP, obstacle protection may depend on continuing along the final approach course to the MAP before making a published turn.

3. Communicate With ATC

Once aircraft control and navigation are established, the pilot should advise ATC of the missed approach.

A typical radio call might be:

“Phoenix Approach, Cessna 12345, missed approach, climbing to 4,000.”

ATC may instruct the pilot to follow the published missed approach or issue alternate instructions.

When ATC assigns alternate missed approach instructions, pilots must comply with the clearance while maintaining situational awareness and aircraft control.

If an instruction is unclear or cannot be safely complied with, the pilot should promptly request clarification or advise ATC.

4. Complete the Missed Approach and Prepare for the Next Clearance

A published missed approach often terminates at a holding fix.

Upon reaching the assigned or published holding location, the pilot should follow the applicable holding instructions and prepare for further ATC clearance.

Depending on the circumstances, ATC may provide vectors for another approach, clear the aircraft to an alternate airport, or issue other instructions.

Pilots should evaluate remaining fuel, weather conditions, aircraft performance, and available alternatives before attempting another approach.

Missed Approaches and GPS Navigation

Modern avionics can significantly improve situational awareness during a missed approach, but pilots must understand how their equipment handles the transition from approach navigation to missed approach guidance.

In many GPS-equipped aircraft, the missed approach portion of the flight plan requires pilot activation or sequencing.

Depending on the avionics system, pilots may need to:

• Activate the missed approach sequence.

• Confirm the correct active waypoint.

• Verify the displayed course and altitude requirements.

• Select the appropriate navigation source or guidance mode.

• Confirm that autopilot or flight director modes are appropriate.

For example, some Garmin systems require the pilot to select or confirm missed approach activation rather than automatically sequencing through every waypoint.

Avionics automation does not replace the pilot’s responsibility to verify the published procedure.

Pilots should become familiar with their aircraft’s specific GPS and autopilot operations before conducting approaches in actual instrument conditions.

Missed Approaches During Different Types of Instrument Approaches

Although the general objective remains the same, the point at which a missed approach is required varies depending on the approach being conducted.

Pilots should always reference the specific approach chart because minimums, missed approach points, navigation requirements, and procedures vary.

Common Missed Approach Errors

Missed approaches involve a rapid transition between phases of flight, creating opportunities for errors if the pilot is unprepared.

Some of the most common mistakes include:

Delaying the Decision

Continuing an approach below minimums without satisfying the regulatory requirements is a serious safety concern.

Pilots should establish clear decision criteria before beginning the approach and execute the missed approach promptly when required.

Incorrect Aircraft Configuration

Failure to apply appropriate power, establish the correct pitch attitude, or properly manage aircraft configuration can negatively affect climb performance.

Pilots should practice missed approaches using the procedures and checklists specific to their aircraft.

Turning Too Early

Beginning a turn before reaching the required altitude or navigation point may compromise obstacle clearance.

Pilots must carefully follow the sequence specified on the approach chart.

Improper GPS Sequencing

Failure to activate or verify the missed approach navigation sequence may result in incorrect course guidance.

Pilots should monitor the active waypoint and confirm that the avionics are providing the intended navigation information.

Excessive Attention to ATC Communications

Attempting to communicate before establishing aircraft control can increase workload during a critical phase of flight.

Maintain the proper priorities: Aviate, Navigate, Communicate.

Preparing for a Missed Approach Before Beginning an Instrument Approach

One of the most effective ways to reduce workload during a missed approach is to prepare for it before beginning the instrument approach.

A thorough approach briefing should include the missed approach instructions, required altitudes, navigation equipment, and expected aircraft configuration changes.

Pilots should review:

• The published missed approach route and initial climb instructions.

• The MAP or DA, as applicable.

• Required climb gradients and aircraft performance.

• Expected navigation source and GPS sequencing.

• The location and entry requirements of the missed approach holding fix.

• Any alternate missed approach instructions issued by ATC.

• Fuel reserves and options for another approach or diversion.

Understanding these elements in advance allows pilots to focus on aircraft control and procedure execution rather than interpreting the approach chart during a high-workload situation.

Missed Approaches and the Instrument Rating Airman Certification Standards (ACS)

The FAA’s Instrument Rating – Airplane Airman Certification Standards evaluates a pilot’s ability to recognize when a missed approach is necessary and execute the appropriate procedure safely.

Within the missed approach task, applicants are expected to demonstrate knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency related to missed approach operations.

Important areas of evaluation include:

• Recognizing conditions requiring a missed approach.

• Promptly initiating the procedure.

• Maintaining positive aircraft control throughout the maneuver.

• Complying with published or assigned missed approach instructions.

• Managing aircraft configuration and climb performance.

• Using navigation equipment correctly.

• Communicating appropriately with ATC.

• Maintaining situational awareness and identifying potential hazards.

Applicants should understand that successful performance requires more than memorizing the sequence of actions. The examiner is evaluating the pilot’s ability to safely manage the aircraft, navigation, and workload while transitioning from an approach to a climb.

Pilots should reference the current FAA Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS for the complete task requirements and applicable standards.

Building Confidence Through Missed Approach Training

Missed approach proficiency is developed through consistent training, effective preparation, and realistic scenario practice.

During instrument training, pilots should practice missed approaches from different types of approaches, including precision and nonprecision procedures.

Training scenarios may involve:

• Executing a missed approach at DA or MAP.

• Responding to an unexpected ATC missed approach instruction.

• Flying a missed approach using GPS navigation.

• Entering a holding pattern after the missed approach.

• Managing an unexpected change in approach clearance.

• Transitioning from a missed approach to a second instrument approach.

Practicing these scenarios helps pilots develop the confidence and decision-making skills needed to respond effectively in actual IMC.

Final Thoughts

Missed approaches are a fundamental part of instrument flying and an essential skill for every instrument-rated pilot. They provide a structured means of transitioning away from an approach when a safe landing cannot be completed.

A well-executed missed approach begins with proper planning, continues with positive aircraft control, and requires accurate navigation and communication throughout the procedure.

By understanding published missed approach instructions, recognizing the limitations of aircraft performance and navigation equipment, and consistently practicing missed approach scenarios, pilots can improve their proficiency and preparedness for real-world IFR operations.

At Angel Aviation, our instrument training emphasizes the development of practical flying skills, sound aeronautical decision-making, and confidence in the IFR environment. Our instructors work with students to build the knowledge and proficiency necessary to safely conduct instrument approaches, missed approaches, and other essential IFR procedures.

Whether you are currently pursuing your instrument rating or looking to strengthen your instrument proficiency, developing a thorough understanding of missed approach procedures is an important step toward becoming a safer and more capable instrument pilot.

Interested in earning your Instrument Rating?

Contact Angel Aviation to learn more about our instrument flight training programs at our locations in Glendale, Arizona, and Anchorage, Alaska.

Continue following our Instrument Rating Study Guide series as we explore additional IFR procedures, techniques, and knowledge areas designed to help pilots prepare for their instrument rating and beyond.

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Recommended References:

• FAA Instrument Rating – Airplane Airman Certification Standards (FAA-S-ACS-8)

• FAA Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15)

• FAA Instrument Procedures Handbook (FAA-H-8261-1)

• 14 CFR § 91.175 – Takeoffs and Landings Under IFR

These references can be linked within the blog to support technical accuracy and provide students with additional FAA study resources.